2022年上海市高考英语试卷

一、II.GrammarandVocabulary↩SectionA↩Directions：Afterreadingthepassagebelow，fillintheblankstomakethepassagescoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword，fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword；fortheotherblanks，useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.

14．

How to Start a New Business

An entrepreneur is a person who creates，launches，and begins a new business，typically in response to a market demand that has not been met.Entrepreneurs are often imaginative，self ﹣motivated individuals who develop full﹣time，successful，and sustainable businesses.Successful entrepreneurs frequently have relevant insights，expertise，and advice they may offer aspiring entrepreneurs to aid （1）　 　 on their respective paths.Interviewing entrepreneurs might provide insight into the steps they took （2）　 　 （achieve） success.Here is the interview of entrepreneur﹣related questions，and you will find more preparations for it.

Question：How would you describe an entrepreneur？

Answer：An individual who establishes and expands their own company through innovative strategies （3）　 　 （know） as an entrepreneur.During the expansion of their companies，entrepreneurs are responsible for several important tasks in addition to cash generation.An entrepreneur perceives a commercial need in their society， （4）　 　 （develop） an idea for a business，and then takes the initiative to start their firm.Suppose a business idea does not center on producing a product that fills a gap in the （5）　 　 （exist） market.In that case，it most often centers on applying technical advancements to simplify the process of obtaining a product or service.

Question：How do entrepreneurs identify business prospects？

Answer：Entrepreneurs routinely seek chances to expand or increase their company's revenues.They determine which product to include and which market to enter.An entrepreneur should listen to prospective customers and look for chances to build items that meet their demands.An entrepreneur can determine （6）　 　 other businesses in the area are doing and how they succeed by conducting a competitive analysis.This technique may involve conducting a physical survey or reading industry﹣specific materials.Conversations with consumers also facilitate the identification of their frustrations and negative experiences， （7）　 　 they may use to enhance a firm.

Question：What makes an entrepreneur successful？

Answer： （8）　 　 an entrepreneur，you are both your manager and the manager of others.To achieve success，you must possess a wide range of abilities.An entrepreneur must be able to manage people，a budget，operations，and in certain cases，investors.It necessitates a work style （9）　 　 （characterize） by multitasking and planning for the firm's short﹣and long﹣term goals. （10）　 　 successful entrepreneur must be able to spend his time wisely，regularly analyzing and prioritizing projects based on their relevance and significance.It includes engaging in short﹣ and long﹣term planning，economic forecasts，and market research.

【答案】（1）them（2）to achieve（3）is known（4）develops（5）existing（6）what（7）which（8）As（9）characterized（10）A

【考点】经济；其他语篇．

【分析】本文是一篇采访，介绍了如何成为一名成功的企业家。

【解答】（1）考查代词：句意：成功的企业家通常有相关的见解、专业知识和建议，他们可以为有抱负的企业家提供帮助，帮助他们走上各自的道路。根据句意可知空处作aid的宾语，指的是上文提到的aspiring entrepreneurs，用them。故填them。（2）考查不定式：句意：采访企业家可能会让你了解他们取得成功所采取的步骤。根据句子结构，企业家所采取的步骤是为了获得成功，所以这里应用动词不定式表目的。故填to achieve。（3）考查动词时态和语态：句意：通过创新战略建立并扩大自己公司的人被称为企业家。be known as被认为是……，固定搭配；根据An individual可知此处的be动词是单数的，文章的时态为一般现在时，而且根据句子主语individual后的who引导的定语从句，空格处的动词为谓语动词。故填入is known。（4）考查动词时态：句意：企业家在他们的社会中发现了商业需求，发展出了一个商业想法，然后主动创办了自己的公司。此句的主语是An entrepreneur，该空是一个谓语动词，且与前面的perceives并列，时态还是一般现在时，主语是单数，动词使用第三人称单数。故填入develops。（5）考查形容词：句意：假设一个商业想法的中心不是生产填补现有市场空白的产品。根据句子结构可知，此处应用形容词修饰名词market，表示"现存的"。故填existing。（6）考查宾语从句：句意：企业家可以通过进行竞争分析来确定该地区的其他企业在做什么以及他们是如何成功的。根据后面的how they succeed（他们是如何成功的）可以推测出这里要表达的意思是"其他企业在做什么"。故填what。（7）考查非限制性定语从句。：句意：与消费者的对话也有助于识别他们的沮丧和负面体验，他们可能会利用这些来增强公司。此处考查的是定语从句，their frustrations and negative experiences在后面的从句中作宾语，属于事物。故填which。（8）考查介词：句意：作为一名企业家，你既是自己的管理者，也是他人的管理者。后面的you are both your manager and the manager of others是个完整的句子，an entrepreneur为名词。结合语境，此处要表达的意思应是"作为一名企业家"。故填As。（9）考查：句意：它需要种多任务处理和为公司的短期和长期目标规划的工作风格。根据句子的谓语动词necessitates判定空格处的提示动词为非谓语动词结构，而且由by可知，此处应用过去分词修饰名词词组a work style。故填characterized。（10）考查冠词：句意：一个成功的企业家必须能够明智地利用他的时间，根据项目的相关性和重要性定期分析和优先考虑项目。此处泛指一名成功的企业家，且successful以辅音音素开头，使用不定冠词a修饰，句首单词首字母大写。故填An。

【难度】5

二、SectionBDirections：Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.

15．A.pursuits B.interests C.comparable D.innovation E.schedule F.options G.realization H.routes I.subjects J.recipes K.motivated

Creativity Is a Human Quality That Exists in Us

When you think about creativity，it might be highly creative people like Mozart，Da Vinci or Einstein who spring to mind.They were all considered to be "geniuses" for their somewhat unique talents that led to global （1）　 　 in their fields.Their type of creativity is what's known as "Big C creativity" （or historical） and is not very common in everyday life.Not all of us can create works of art or music or scientific theories that are new to the world.

But while we can't all be Mozart，Da Vinci or Einstein，many people do enjoy creative activity—through hobbies such as water colour painting or playing the piano.And these types of （2）　 　 are often what people think of when asked what being creative looks like.Our finished pieces may not be （3）　 　 with the likes of the great masters，but often the process is therapeutic and the end result can be aesthetically pleasing.

On top of hobbies and （4）　 　，we all possess creative attributes that can help as we solve life's problems and make decisions.It is this type of creativity that enables us to plan different （5）　 　 to get to the same destination，or how to fit in a trip to the supermarket when our （6）　 　 looks full.

It might not sound very creative，but this aspect of creativity relies on our ability to consider （7）　 　 and assess their suitability，as well as how to make decisions based on personal prior experience or what we have learnt formally or informally.These examples are known as "Small C creativity" or "personal everyday creativity".

While Big C creativity is valued and celebrated，it is often Small C creativity that has allowed humans to flourish over thousands of years.It sets us apart from other animals and it is also the type of creativity which can be fostered through our education system and beyond into the workplace.

Traditionally，research tells us that creativity has been largely associated with the arts.Our previous research has shown that teachers are often able to give examples of creative activity in arts （8）　 　，but find it harder to do so when asked to describe creativity in subjects such as science.

But there is a growing （9）　 　 that opportunities to be creative are found across a broader range of subjects.For instance，engineering provides opportunities to be Creative through problem solving，and history gives the opportunity to think creatively about why events happened，and what （10）　 　 those involved.

【答案】DACBH EFIGK

【考点】科普知识；说明文．

【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了什么是创造力。

【解答】（1）考查名词。句意：他们都被认为是"天才"，因为他们的独特才能导致了他们所在领域的全球创新。空处被形容词global修饰，使用名词；根据句意可知此处用innovation表示"创新"，不可数名词，故填innovation。故选D。（2）考查可数名词复数。句意：当被问及创造力是什么样子时，人们通常会想到这些类型的追求。空处作介词of的宾语使用名词，根据句意可知此处使用pursuit表示"追求"，由types of可知名词使用复数形式，故填pursuits。故选A。（3）考查形容词。句意：我们完成的作品可能无法与大师的作品相提并论，但通常这个过程是有治疗作用的，最终的结果是令人赏心悦目的。空处作be的表语使用形容词，根据the likes of the great masters可知此处是指无法相比，be comparable with与……可比较的，故填comparable。故选C。（4）考查可数名词复数。句意：除了爱好和兴趣，我们都有创造性的属性，可以帮助我们解决生活中的问题和做出决定。空处作介词of的宾语使用名词，根据hobbies可知此处是指兴趣，用interest，由句意可知名词使用复数形式，故填interests。故选B。（5）考查可数名词复数。句意：正是这种创造力使我们能够计划不同的路线到达同一个目的地，或者当我们的日程安排看起来很满时，如何适应去超市的旅行。空处被形容词different修饰，应用名词；由get to the same destination可知此处是指路线，用route，根据different可知名词使用复数形式，故填routes。故选H。（6）考查可数名词单数。句意：正是这种创造力使我们能够计划不同的路线到达同一个目的地，或者当我们的日程安排看起来很满时，如何适应去超市的旅行。空处作主语使用名词，根据looks full可知此处表示日程表，用schedule，由looks可知名词使用单数形式，故填schedule。故选E。（7）考查可数名词复数。句意：这听起来可能不是很有创意，但创造力的这一方面依赖于我们考虑选择和评估其适用性的能力，以及如何根据个人之前的经验或我们正式或非正式学到的东西做出决定。空处作consider的宾语，使用名词，根据句意可知使用option表示"选择"，由句意可知名词使用复数形式，故填options。故选F。（8）考查可数名词复数。句意：我们之前的研究表明，教师通常能够在艺术科目中给出创造性活动的例子，但当被要求描述科学等科目的创造力时，就很难做到了。空处作介词in的宾语使用名词，根据arts可知此处使用subject表示"科目"，且句意可知名词使用复数形式，故填subjects。故选I。（9）考查可数名词单数。句意：但越来越多的人意识到，在更广泛的学科中都有发挥创造力的机会。根据there is可知空处使用名词作表语，由句意可知此处表示"意识"，用realization，根据a可知名词使用单数形式，故填realization。故选G。（10）考查动词时态。句意：例如，工程学提供了通过解决问题来发挥创造力的机会，而历史则提供了机会来创造性地思考事件发生的原因，以及是什么激发了参与者。空处缺少谓语，由句意可知此处使用motivate表示"激发"；由happened可知时态为一般过去时，动词使用过去式，故填motivated。故选K。

【难度】3

三、III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections：ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA，B，C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

16． A filler word is an apparently meaningless word，phrase，or sound that marks a pause or hesitation in speech.Also known as a pause filler or hesitation form.Some of the common filler words in English are um，uh，er，ah，like，okay，right，and you know.Although filler words "may have fairly minimal lexical （词汇的） content，" notes linguist Barbara A.Fox， "they can play a strategic syntactic （句法的） role in a（n）（1）　 　 conversation".What appears to be a filler word may also be a holophrase （整句字） （2）　 　 the context. "Hey，hey，shh，shh，shh.Come on.Be sensitive to the fact that other people are not comfortable talking about emotional （3）　 　.Um，you know，I am，I'm fine with that，but...other people"."Modern linguists led by Leonard Bloomfield in 1933 call these 'hesitation forms'—the sounds of stammering （uh），stuttering （um，um），throat﹣clearing （ahem!），stalling （well，um，that is），interjected when the speaker is searching words or （4）　 　for the next thought." You know that y' know is among the most common of these （5）　 　forms.Its meaning is not the imperious 'you understand' or even the old interrogatory 'do you get it'？It is given as，and taken to be，merely a filler phrase， （6）　 　to fill a beat in the flow of sound，not unlike like，in its new sense of，like，a filler word…

These staples of modern filler communication—I mean，y' know，like—can also be used as 'tee﹣up words'.In olden times，pointer phrases or tee﹣up words were get this，would you believe？and are you ready？The （7）　 　of these rib﹣nudging phrases was—are you ready—to make the point，to focus the listener's attention on what was to follow...If the（8）　 　is to tee up a point，we should accept y' know and its friends as a mildly（9）　 　spoken punctuation，the articulated colon （冒号） that signals 'focus on this'…If the purpose is to grab a moment to think，we should allow ourselves to wonder：Why are filler phrases needed at all？What （10）　 　the speaker to fill the moment of silence with any sound at all？

Why do some people fill the air with non﹣words and sounds？For some，it is a sign of nervousness；they fear silence and experience speaker（11）　 　.Recent research at Columbia University suggests another reason.Columbia psychologists guessed that speakers fill pauses when （12）　 　for the next word.To investigate this（13）　 　，they counted the use of filler words used by lecturers in biology，chemistry，and mathematics，where the subject matter uses scientific definitions that limit the variety of word choices（14）　 　to the speaker.They then compared the number of filler words used by teachers in English，art history，and philosophy，where the subject matter is less（15）　 　and more open to word choices.

（1）	A．undertaking	B．discovering	C．disliking	D．unfolding
（2）	A．depending on	B．holding up	C．taking over	D．arranging for
（3）	A．appliances	B．substances	C．disturbances	D．finances
（4）	A．on the contrary	B．at a loss	C．at dawn	D．on no account
（5）	A．perseverance	B．complexity	C．hesitation	D．obligation
（6）	A．intended	B．attended	C．pretended	D．extended
（7）	A．interest	B．experience	C．advantage	D．function
（8）	A．architecture	B．purpose	C．completion	D．random
（9）	A．annoying	B．striking	C．entertaining	D．embarrassing
（10）	A．oppresses	B．recycles	C．highlights	D．motivates
（11）	A．danger	B．anxiety	C．figure	D．sculpture
（12）	A．bothering	B．inspecting	C．searching	D．accomplishing
（13）	A．idea	B．chance	C．basis	D．feedback
（14）	A．feasible	B．credible	C．considerable	D．available
（15）	A．well﹣matched	B．well﹣defined	C．well﹣bred	D．well﹣perceived

【答案】DACBC ADBAD BCADB

【考点】科普知识；说明文．

【分析】这段短文主要讲述了填充词的定义和使用。填充词是在说话中标志着停顿或犹豫的似乎没有意义的词、短语或声音。一些常见的英语填充词有um、uh、er、ah、like、okay、right和you know。填充词在对话中可能起到战略句法作用。填充词也可以用作"准备词"，用于引起听者的注意力。填充词的使用可能是因为紧张或者为了寻找下一个词。

【解答】（1）考查动词及语境理解。A.undertaking承担，从事；B.discovering发现；C.disliking不喜欢；D.unfolding展开。句意：它们可以在展开的对话中扮演战略句法的角色。根据空后的conversation可知此处是指开展对话。故选D。（2）考查动词短语及语境理解。A.depending on取决于；B.holding up支撑；C.taking over接管；D.arranging for安排。句意：根据上下文的不同，看起来像是填充词的词也可能是一整个句子。根据空后the context可知此处是指取决于上下文。故选A。（3）考查名词及语境理解。A.appliances家用电器，装置；B.substances物质；C.disturbances干扰；D.finances资产。句意：对其他人不愿意谈论情绪困扰的事实要敏感。根据空前people are not comfortable talking about emotional可知此处是指清晰困扰的事实。故选C。（4）考查介词短语及语境理解。A.on the contrary恰恰相反；B.at a loss不知所措；C.at dawn黎明时分；D.on no account无论如何不要。句意：当说话者正在寻找单词或不知道下一个想法时。根据空后for the next thought可知此处是指不知道要说什么。故选B。（5）考查名词及语境理解。A.perseverance毅力；B.complexity复杂性；C.hesitation犹豫；D.obligation义务，责任。句意：你知道y'know是最常见的犹豫形式之一。根据上文call these 'hesitation forms'可知此处指的是犹豫形式。故选C。（6）考查动词及语境理解。A.intended计划，打算；B.attended参加；C.pretended假装；D.extended扩大。句意：它被认为是，也被认为是，仅仅是一个填充词，用来填补音流中的节拍，就像它的新意义上的like一样，是一个填充词……根据空后fill a beat in the flow of sound可知此处指的是用来填补。故选A。（7）考查名词及语境理解。A.interest兴趣；B.experience经历；C.advantage优点；D.function作用。句意：这些挑逗性的短语的作用是——你准备好了吗？——把听众的注意力集中在接下来的内容上。根据空后to make the point，to focus the listener's attention on what was to follow.可知此处是指这些短语的作用。故选D。（8）考查名词及语境理解。A.architecture建筑设计；B.purpose目的；C.completion完成；D.random随意。句意：如果目的是为了提出一个观点，我们应该接受"知道"和它的朋友们作为一种稍微令人讨厌的口语标点符号，即表示"专注于此"的连音冒号。根据下文If the purpose is to grab a moment to think可知此处是指目的。故选B。（9）考查动词及语境理解。A.annoying使恼怒；B.striking打，撞；C.entertaining使快乐；D.embarrassing使尴尬。句意：如果目的是为了提出一个观点，我们应该接受"知道"和它的朋友们作为一种稍微令人讨厌的口语标点符号，即表示"专注于此"的连音冒号。根据空后spoken punctuation可知此处是指令人讨厌的标点符号。故选A。（10）考查动词及语境理解。A.oppresses压迫；B.recycles回收；C.highlights强调；D.motivates促使。句意：是什么促使说话者用声音来填补沉默的时刻？根据空后to fill the moment of silence with any sound at all可知此处是指促使说话者这样做。故选D。（11）考查名词及语境理解。A.danger危险；B.anxiety焦虑；C.figure数字；D.sculpture雕像。句意：他们害怕沉默，会感到说话焦虑。根据空前it is a sign of nervousness可知此处是指说话焦虑。故选B。（12）考查动词及语境理解。A.bothering烦扰；B.inspecting检查；C.searching搜索；D.accomplishing完成。句意：哥伦比亚大学的心理学家猜测，说话者在寻找下一个单词时，会填补停顿。根据空后the next word可知此处是指寻找下一个单词。故选C。（13）考查名词及语境理解。A.idea观点；B.chance机会；C.basis基础；D.feedback反馈。句意：为了研究这一观点，他们统计了生物、化学和数学讲师使用填充词的情况，这些学科使用科学的定义，限制了说话者选择词汇的多样性。根据空前To investigate this可知此处是指研究这个观点。故选A。（14）考查形容词及语境理解。A.feasible可行的；B.credible可信的；C.considerable相当大的；D.available可获得的。句意：为了研究这一观点，他们统计了生物、化学和数学讲师使用填充词的情况，这些学科使用科学的定义，限制了说话者选择词汇的多样性。根据空前To investigate this可知此处是指研究这个观点。根据空后to the speaker可知此处是指演讲者可以选择的词汇种类。故选D。（15）考查动词短语及语境理解。A.well﹣matched配合得很好的；B.well﹣defined定义明确的；C.well﹣bred有教养的；D.well﹣perceived感知良好的。句意：然后，他们比较了英语、艺术史和哲学教师使用填充词的数量，这些学科的主题定义不那么明确，词汇选择更开放。根据空后more open to word choices可知此处是指定义没有那么明确。故选B。

【难度】5

四、Section BDirections：Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA，B，CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.

17． Contemporary artist Nick Smith creates pixelated （像素化的） works with hand placed colour﹣chips，synonymous with colour swatches （色块），cleverly combining text and image to create interesting and fascinating collaged （拼贴的） works.

With a previous career in Interior Design spanning 11 years，Nick references his concept design background throughout his work，reworking the design aesthetic using unique colour swatches in hand﹣made collages，placing his work firmly in the fine art category.From his first collage experiment back in 2011 of Warhol's 'Marilyn'，when he assembled a tessellation （镶嵌技术） of swatches as a challenge，this eventually inspired his career as an artist and determined his unique style he is now known for.

The multi﹣layered element of his work，which marries image and word，allows Nick to explore complex art﹣historical concepts.The text employed is often narrative，which can be read in sequence adding another element of intrigue and interest to the work.This additional element of text，placed under the empty space of each swatch，creates either complimentary or subversive meanings.Nick deliberately leaves these word/image constructions open to viewer interpretation，sparking new debates and meanings.

Each P﹣series，such as Psycolourgy 2015，Purgatory 2019，explores complicatedly researched concepts，which are always the crucial starting point for each new series of work.Producing large﹣scale works to micro﹣chip collages，and multiple sell out print editions，Nick continues to develop his popular and recognisable art.

PSYCOLOURGY—January 2015 Lawrence Alkin Gallery，London

Smith's debut solo exhibition with Lawrence Alkin Gallery in Soho，London，launched his unique visual reworking of classic paintings from the 20th Century canon.Universally known works，including David Hockney's 'The Bigger Splash'，Andy Warhol's 'Soup Cans' and Leonardo da Vinci's 'Mona Lisa' were all recast，creating original collages that enquire ideas of depiction，digitalisation and recognition.A sell out show，with numerous successful subsequent print releases，Psycolourgy forged Smith's path to a place among Britain's notable contemporary artists.

PURGATORY﹣ December 2019 Context，Art Miami

Purgatory is a shiny，sticky，glossy exploration of our societies attitude and approach to our excess，addictions and desires.

Excerpts from Dante's Purgatory are woven through colourful works depicting popular covetable consumables，creating symbolic representations of the seven sins.Dante explores possible penance （忏悔） for our earthly suffering leading to spiritual growth.The results of these pairings offer a humorous，nostalgic and subversive opportunity to question our choices，our history and our future.

（1）What made Nick launch his art career？ 　 　

A．His deep love of fascinating collaged works.

B．His first collage work Warhol's 'Marilyn'.

C．The challenge of piecing a tessellation of swatches.

D．The collage experiment dating back to 2012.

（2）Which of the following statements about the text Nick uses is true？ 　 　

A．His text contains concepts of art.

B．His text is usually illustrative.

C．His text can be read sequentially.

D．His text elements are very simple.

（3）What do we know about PSYCOLOURGY？ 　 　

A．It opened Smith's unique visual reinvention of classic 21th﹣century paintings.

B．David Hockney's 'Mona Lisa' has been recreated by Lawrence Alkin Gallery.

C．The original collages affirm the ideas of depiction，digitisation and recognition.

D．It opened Smith's path to becoming one of Britain's leading contemporary artists.

（4）What is the topic of this passage？ 　 　

A．Some useful ways to create collaged works.

B．The life of contemporary artist Nick Smith.

C．Information about Psycolourgy and Purgatory.

D．The introduction to Nick Smith's works.

【答案】CCDD

【考点】文学与艺术；说明文．

【分析】这篇短文主要介绍了当代艺术家Nick Smith的创作风格和作品。

【解答】（1）细节理解题。根据文章第二段From his first collage experiment back in 2011 of Warhol's 'Marilyn'.when he assembled a tessellation of swatches as a challenge，this eventually inspired his career as an artist and determined his unique style he is now known for（这是他在2011年第一次拼贴沃霍尔的作品《玛丽莲》。当他将色板镶嵌起来作为一项挑战时，这最终激发了他作为艺术家的职业生涯，并确定了他现在闻名的独特风格）可知，2011年，他在沃霍尔的作品《玛丽莲》中进行了第一次拼贴实验，当时他将色板镶嵌在一起作为挑战，这最终激发了他作为艺术家的职业生涯，并决定了他现在以独特的风格著称。故选C。（2）细节理解题。根据文章第三段The text employed is often narrative，which can be read in sequence adding another element of intrigue and interest to the work.（所使用的文本通常是叙事性的，可以按顺序阅读，为作品增添了另一种阴谋和兴趣元素。）可知，Nick Smith的文本通常是叙事性的，可以按顺序阅读，为作品添加另一个阴谋和兴趣的元素。故选C。（3）细节理解题。根据文章第五段A sell out show，with numerous successful subsequent print releases Psychology forged Smith's path to a place among Britain's notable contemporary artists.（一场售罄的展览，以及随后出版的许多成功的印刷版《心理学》，使史密斯跻身英国著名当代艺术家之列。）可知，"心理色彩"为史密斯开辟了通往英国著名当代艺术家之路。故选D。（4）主旨大意题。根据整篇文章分析，文章一开始介绍了当代艺术家Nick Smith将文字和图像结合起来，创作出有趣和发人深省的拼贴作品，接下来主要介绍了他的作品的设计理念，最后描述了他的两个系列作品：Psychology和Purgatory，所以文章主要是介绍Nick Smith的作品。故选D。

【难度】3

18． The scientific method uses a series of steps to establish facts or create knowledge.The overall process is well established，but the specifics of each step may change depending on what is being examined and who is performing it.The scientific method can only answer questions that can be proven or disproven through testing.

Make an observation or ask a question.The first step is to observe something that you would like to learn about or ask a question that you would like answered.These can be specific or general.Some examples would be "I observe that our total available network bandwidth drops at noon every weekday" or "How can we increase our website registration numbers？" Taking the time to establish a well﹣defined question will help you in later steps.

Gather background information.

This involves doing research into what is already known about the topic.This can also involve finding if anyone has already asked the same question.

Create a hypothesis.

A hypothesis is an explanation for the observation or question.If proven later，it can become a fact.Some examples would be "Our employees watching online videos during lunch is using our internet bandwidth" or "Our website visitors don't see our registration form."

Create a prediction and perform a test.

Create a testable prediction based on the hypothesis.The test should establish a noticeable change that can be measured or observed using empirical analysis.It is also important to control for other variables during the test.Some examples would be "If we block video﹣sharing sites，our available bandwidth will not go down significantly during lunch" or "If we make our registration box bigger，a greater percentage of visitors will register for our website than before the change."

Analyze the results and draw a conclusion.

Use the metrics established before the test see if the results match the prediction.For example， "After blocking video﹣sharing sites，our bandwidth utilization only went down by 10% from before；this is not enough of a change to be the primary cause of the network congestion" or "After increasing the size of the registration box，the percent of sign﹣ups went from 2% of total page views to 5%，showing that making the box larger results in more registrations."

Share the conclusion or decide what question to ask next：Document the results of your experiment.

By sharing the results with others，you also increase the total body of knowledge available.Your experiment may have also led to other questions，or if your hypothesis is disproven you may need to create a new one and test that.For example， "Because user activity is not the cause of excessive bandwidth use，we now suspect that an automated process is running at noon every day."

（1）What is the important role of collecting background information？ 　 　

A．Make full preparation for the research questions.

B．Understand the knowledge of existing research results.

C．Provide evidence to refute the research conclusion.

D．Encourage researchers to reflect deeply on their work.

（2）In which case would it be necessary to create a new hypothesis for retesting？ 　 　

A．The research hypothesis has been fully proved.

B．The research results lead to other related issues.

C．The scope of test data needs to be expanded again.

D．The background investigation is not objective enough.

（3）What can we infer from this passage？ 　 　

A．Creating a question will help you in the following step.

B．Collecting information includes research on an unknown subject.

C．The test should establish a change that cannot be measured easily.

D．You may need to create a new hypothesis if the old one is overturned.

【答案】ABD

【考点】科普知识；说明文．

【分析】这段短文主要介绍了科学方法的步骤和原则。科学方法通过一系列步骤来建立事实或创造知识，具体步骤可能因研究对象和研究者的不同而有所变化。科学方法只能回答那些可以通过测试来证实或证伪的问题。具体步骤包括观察或提出问题、收集背景信息、建立假设、进行预测和测试、分析结果并得出结论，以及分享结论或决定下一个问题。通过分享实验结果，可以增加可用的知识量。如果假设被证伪，可能需要创建新的假设并进行测试。

【解答】（1）细节理解题。根据Gather background information.部分中的This involves doing research into what is already known about the topic.This can also involve finding if anyone has already asked the same question.（这包括对已经知道的主题进行研究。这也包括发现是否有人已经问过同样的问题。）可知，收集背景资料的重要作用是为研究问题做好充分的准备。故选A。（2）根据最后一段Your experiment may have also led to other questions，or if your hypothesis is disproven you may need to create a new one and test that.（你的实验可能还会导致其他问题，或者如果你的假设被证明是错误的，你可能需要创建一个新的假设并进行测试。）可知，如果研究结果引发了其他相关问题，需要再次进行假设。故选B。（3）细节理解题。根据最后一段Your experiment may have also led to other questions，or if your hypothesis is disproven you may need to create a new one and test that.（你的实验可能还会导致其他问题，或者如果你的假设被证明是错误的，你可能需要创建一个新的假设并进行测试。）可知，如果旧的假设被推翻，你可能需要创造一个新的假设。故选D。

【难度】3

19． Business innovation is an organization's process for introducing new ideas，workflows，methodologies，services or products.Like IT innovation，which calls for using technology in new ways to create a more efficient and agile organization，business innovation should enable the achievement of goals across the entire organization，with sights set on accomplishing core business aims and initiatives.Innovation often begins with idea generation，wherein ideas are narrowed down during brainstorming sessions，after which leaders consider the business viability，feasibility and desirability of each idea.Business innovation should improve on existing products，services or processes；or it should solve a problem；or it should reach new customers.Recent examples of business innovation include the introduction of the Dyson vacuum cleaner，whose creator and namesake James Dyson declared in advertisements that he set out to build a better product by applying industrial cyclone technologies to the household appliance.

The purpose of the business innovation process is to create value for the organization.That value can come from creating new revenue opportunities or driving more revenue through existing channels；from creating efficiencies that save time，money or both；or from improvements to productivity or performance.In short，innovation should lead to higher profits.Additionally，the results of an organization's innovation process should yield a competitive advantage；it should help the organization to grow and reach—or，better still，exceed—strategic objectives.

Innovation and invention are closely linked，but the two terms are not interchangeable.An invention is an entirely new creation.The process of business innovation can produce an invention，but the term is broader in scope and includes the application of an existing concept or practice in a new way，or applying new technology to an existing product or process to improve upon it.To better understand the difference，consider this：The telephone is an invention，but the smartphone is an innovation.

Business innovation can also be classified as either revolutionary or evolutionary.Revolutionary business innovation yields a drastic change in a product，service，process，etc.，which often destroys or supplants an existing business model.This is also known as radical innovation.Evolutionary or incremental innovation involves smaller，more continuous improvements that，while important，are not drastic enough to shift a company or market into a new paradigm.Disruptive innovation is a category that emphasizes the destructive aspect of revolutionary innovation；this term applies to business innovation that leads to the creation of a new market that displaces an existing one or，similarly，a significant upheaval in a category of products or services.

Business innovation，like most business initiatives，has both benefits and risks.Organizations should recognize on the negative side that the business innovation process can be a costly undertaking that does not always produce a return on investment （ROI）；that ideas considered likely to succeed could still fail；and that stakeholders could fight the changes required to be successful.On the other hand，organizations need to weigh those risks against the benefits of business innovation.

（1）What does the underlined word in the first paragraph mean？ 　 　

A．Persuasibility.

B．Scarcity.

C．Generality.

D．Practicability.

（2）What is the purpose of business innovation？ 　 　

A．Create value benefits for the enterprise.

B．Reform the management structure of enterprises.

C．Encourage staff to make more inventions.

D．Upgrade the product performance.

（3）Which of the following is true about innovation and invention？ 　 　

A．They are essentially the same concept.

B．They can replace each other in the context.

C．They can bring huge commercial benefits.

D．They are closely related but have different conceptual scopes.

（4）What is the main content of this passage？ 　 　

A．The precautions for brainstorming meetings.

B．The considerations for business innovation.

C．The difference between innovation and invention.

D．The revolutionary change in business innovation.

【答案】DADB

【考点】经济；说明文．

【分析】这段短文主要讲述了商业创新的定义、目的和分类。商业创新是引入新的想法、工作流程、方法、服务或产品的组织过程。商业创新的目的是为组织创造价值，包括创造新的收入机会、提高效率、改进生产力或性能，并带来更高的利润。商业创新可以是革命性的，带来彻底的改变，也可以是渐进式的，通过连续的小改进来提升。商业创新既有好处也有风险，组织需要权衡这些风险与好处。

【解答】（1）词义猜测题。根据第一段Innovation often begins with idea generation，wherein ideas are narrowed down during brainstorming sessions，after which leaders consider the business viability，feasibility and desirability of each idea.（创新通常始于想法的产生，在头脑风暴会议期间，想法被缩小，然后领导者考虑每个想法的商业可行性和可取性。）可知，viability指的是"可行性"。A.Persuasibility（可说服度）；B.Scarcity（稀缺性）；C.Generality（普遍性）；D.Practicability（可行性）。故选D。（2）细节理解题。根据第二段The purpose of the business innovation process is to create value for the organization.（业务创新过程的目的是为组织创造价值。）可知，商业创新的目的是为企业创造价值效益。故选A。（3）细节理解题。根据第三段Innovation and invention are closely linked，but the two terms are not interchangeable.（创新和发明是紧密联系在一起的，但这两个术语是不可互换的。）可知，创新和发明密切相关，但具有不同的概念范围。故选D。（4）主旨大意题。通读全文及最后一段Business innovation，like most business initiatives，has both benefits and risks. （商业创新，像大多数商业计划一样，既有好处也有风险。）和On the other hand，organizations need to weigh those risks against the benefits of business innovation.（另一方面，组织需要权衡这些风险和业务创新的好处。）可知，本文主要是关于商业创新的相关概念及考量。故选B。

【难度】5

五、SectionCDirections：Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthesentencesinthebox.Eachsentencecanonlybeusedonce.Notethattherearetwosentencesmorethanyouneed.

20．

A.But studying the chimpanzees of Gombe was not easy. B.Until that time，only humans were thought to create tools. C.These observations disprove the widely held belief that chimpanzees are vegetarian. D.So she learns to be a secretary and works for a time at Oxford University typing documents. E.However，Jane loves the toy and names the chimpanzee Jubilee，carrying it with her everywhere. F.Some scholars and scientists give Jane a cold reception and criticise her for giving the chimpanzees names.

When Leakey and Jane begin a study of wild chimpanzees on the shore of Lake Tanganyika，British authorities resist the idea of a young woman living among wild animals in Africa.They finally agree to Leakey's proposal when Jane's mother Vanne volunteers to accompany her daughter for the first three months.

On July 14，1960，Jane and Vanne arrive on the shores of Gombe Stream Chimpanzee Reserve in western Tanzania.

（1）　 　 The animals fled from Jane in fear.With patience and determination she searched the forest every day，deliberately trying not to get too close to the chimpanzees too soon.Gradually the chimpanzees accepted her presence.

Jane observes meat﹣eating for the first time October 30，1961.Later，she sees the chimpanzees hunt for meat. （2）　 　

On November 4，1961，Jane observes David Greybeard and Goliath making tools to extract termites （白蚁） from their mounds.They would select a thin branch from a tree，strip the leaves and push the branch into the termite mound.After a few seconds they would pull out the termite﹣covered stick and pick off the tasty termites with their lips.

This becomes one of Jane's most important discoveries. （3）　 　 On hearing of Jane's observation，Leakey famously says： "Now we must redefine tool，redefine man，or accept chimpanzees as humans."

Jane's work in Gombe becomes more widely known and in 1962 she is accepted at Cambridge University as a PhD candidate，one of very few people to be admitted without a university degree. （4）　 　 "It would have been more scientific to give them numbers"，they say.

Jane has to defend an idea that might now seem obvious：that chimpanzees have emotions，minds and personalities.

Jane in AfricaNational Geographic decides to sponsor Jane's work and sends photographer and filmmaker Hugo van Lawick to document Jane's life in Gombe.In August 1963，Jane publishes her first article in National Geographic， "My Life Among Wild Chimpanzees."

【答案】ACBF

【考点】自然科学研究成果；说明文．

【分析】这是一篇说明文。作者介绍了Jane在坦桑尼亚西部贡贝溪黑猩猩保护区的研究和发现。

【解答】（1）主题判断题。根据后句The animals fled from Jane in fear.With patience and determination she searched the forest every day，deliberately trying not to get too close to the chimpanzees too soon.Gradually the chimpanzees accepted her presence（动物们在恐惧中逃离了简。她每天都带着耐心和决心在森林里搜寻，故意不过早地靠近黑猩猩。黑猩猩逐渐接受了她的存在），可知表示"但是研究贡贝的黑猩猩并不容易"的选项A可以作为本段的主题，介绍简研究贡贝黑猩猩的困难，故选A。（2）推理判断题。根据前句Jane observes meat﹣eating for the first time October 30，1961.Later，she sees the chimpanzees hunt for meat（1961年10月30日，简第一次观察到食肉现象。后来，她看到黑猩猩在觅食肉食），可知表示"这些观察结果推翻了人们普遍认为黑猩猩是素食主义者的观点"的选项C可以承接前文，介绍简观察到黑猩猩食肉现象的意义，故选C。（3）推理判断题。根据前一段On November 4，1961，Jane observes David Greybeard and Goliath making tools to extract termites from their mounds...（1961年11月4日，简观察大卫•格雷伯德和歌利亚制作工具来提取白蚁......）；以及前句This becomes one of Jane's most important discoveries（这成为简最重要的发现之一），可知表示"在那之前，只有人类被认为可以创造工具"的选项B可以承接前文，解释简这一发现的重要意义，故选B。（4）推理判断题。根据后句 "It would have been more scientific to give them numbers"，they say（ 他们说，"给它们数字编号会更科学"），可知表示"一些学者和科学家不喜欢简，批评她给黑猩猩取名字"的选项F可以引出后句，介绍一些学者和科学家不喜欢简的原因，故选F。

【难度】5

六、IV. Summary WritingDirections： Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s） of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

21． Is there a correlation between high IQ and creative genius？Really，the phrasing of the question contradicts very much correlation，as "creativity" is in no way measured through IQ standardized testing，and creativity is the greatest determinant of a genius as，like you say，it is a genius.Innovation upon any subject requires a drive to create.

As ones IQ increases ，there is an increased probability that they are a genius because their level of creativity has a higher probability of ascending （升高） them to genius level.However if the odds are against them，there is an average probability that they are a genius since they are average percent genius.This is because genius and IQ are composed of different mental constructs as IQ measures a standard comprehension level，while creativity measures the way in which this comprehension is used.For example，if your IQ is 180，the percentage that you are a genius is subtracted by the amount of creativity necessary to become a genius.This is inductive of the influence that the brain has on awareness.The brain gains perceptive awareness upon "creating" thoughts in a continuous cyclic process，and if you were very "intelligent" but could not generate thoughts，you could not be an intellectual being.However，one who is alive can never stop thinking，so the correlation of IQ and genius would objectively appear as a negative exponential function.

There are few exceptionally creative people out there，just as there are few exceptionally intelligent people，and one does not occur with the other.Possessing a high level of intelligence is a platform of understanding for the creative thinking skills to make up originality.When one bears informal thinking skills，they typically occupy heightened intuitive awareness，and vivid imaginative qualities.Critical thinking skills allow one to make sense of the resultant creative output within its surrounding context of knowledge.

However，not all "geniuses" from our subjective intelligence range necessarily have high levels of creativity.One's level of intelligence can be so high that their platform of understanding generalizes ideas where a genius with lower levels of intelligence must use creativity in order to attain a sort of qualitative equivalence.Examples of people like this throughout history include the likes of John von Neumann and Christopher Langan.__________

【答案】High IQ does not guarantee creative genius.While a higher IQ may increase the probability of being a genius，creativity is the primary factor.IQ measures comprehension，while creativity measures its application.Not all high IQ individuals are exceptionally creative.The correlation between IQ and genius follows a negative exponential function.Some high IQ individuals lack exceptional creativity.

【考点】概要写作．

【分析】本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了高智商和创造力之间的关系。

高分句型一：While a higher IQ may increase the probability of being a genius，creativity is the primary factor.

译文：虽然更高的智商可能会增加成为天才的可能性，但创造力是首要因素。

分析：这句话使用了while引导的让步状语从句。

高分句型二：IQ measures comprehension，while creativity measures its application.

译文：智商衡量理解力，而创造力衡量应用力。

分析：这句话使用了while表示对比，意为"然而"。

【解答】High IQ does not guarantee creative genius. （高智商并不能保证有创造力）While a higher IQ may increase the probability of being a genius，creativity is the primary factor.【高分句型一】（创造力是首要因素） IQ measures comprehension，while creativity measures its application. 【高分句型二】（两者的区别）Not all high IQ individuals are exceptionally creative. （并不是所有高智商的人都特别有创造力）The correlation between IQ and genius follows a negative exponential function. （两者的联系）Some high IQ individuals lack exceptional creativity.（一些高智商的人缺乏非凡的创造力。）

【难度】3

七、V. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.

22．妈妈忘了两天前刚给邻居买过黄瓜。 　 　（forget）（汉译英）

【答案】Mother forgot having just bought some cucumbers for her neighbor two days ago./Mother forgot buying some cucumbers for her neighbor just two days ago.

【考点】固定搭配/句型；及物动词．

【分析】妈妈忘了两天前刚给邻居买过黄瓜。

【解答】两天前刚just two days ago，为时间状语，这里时态应为一般过去时，谓语动词为forget"忘记"，应用过去式forgot，"忘记做过某事"为forget doing sth或forget having done。所以本句可以翻译为Mother forgot having just bought some cucumbers for her neighbor two days ago./Mother forgot buying some cucumbers for her neighbor just two days ago.故填：Mother forgot having just bought some cucumbers for her neighbor two days ago./Mother forgot buying some cucumbers for her neighbor just two days ago.

【难度】1

23．每逢节假日，我们都会去郊区露营，为的就是享受悠闲惬意的生活。 　 　（so that）（汉译英）

【答案】（During）every holiday/ （On） every holiday，we always go/will go camping in the suburbs so that we can enjoy a leisurely comfortable/relaxing and comfortable life.

【考点】目的状语从句．

【分析】每逢节假日，我们都会去郊区露营，为的就是享受悠闲惬意的生活。

【解答】"每逢节假日"可以用介词during或on+every holiday也可以直接用every holiday表示，"我们都会去郊区露营"中"我们"是主语we，"会去"可以用一般现在时或一般将来时，"露营 "go camping，"在郊区"in the suburbs，介词短语作地点状语；so that引导目的状语从句，从句中主语是"我们"we，谓语是"可以享受"can enjoy，"享受……生活" enjoy a ...life，"悠闲惬意的"可以用 leisurely comfortable或relaxing and comfortable 表示。故翻译为：（During）every holiday/ （On） every holiday，we always go/will go camping in the suburbs so that we can enjoy a leisurely comfortable/relaxing and comfortable life.

【难度】1

24．切莫苛求运动强度和频率，细水长流才能见效。（a difference） 　 　

【答案】Don't demand the intensity and frequency of exercise，and perseverance can make a difference.

【考点】动词短语．

【分析】切莫苛求运动强度和频率，细水长流才能见效。

【解答】切莫苛求Don't demand，用祈使句的否定表达，句首单词的首字母要大写；运动强度和频率the intensity and frequency of exercise；并列连词and连接两个句子，"细水长流"可理解为"坚持"，英文是perseverance，make a difference"有影响，起到作用"，为动词短语。故填：Don't demand the intensity and frequency of exercise，and perseverance can make a difference.

【难度】1

25． 这条运河历经数百年才修建而成，如今虽无昔日繁荣之景，但仍然是横跨东西的重要水路。（as...as） 　 　

【答案】Although this canal，which took hundreds of years to be constructed，is no longer as prosperous as it used to be，it is still an important waterway running from the east to the west.

【考点】固定搭配/句型．

【分析】这条运河历经数百年才修建而成，如今虽无昔日繁荣之景，但仍然是横跨东西的重要水路。

【解答】这条运河历经数百年才修建而成this canal，which took hundreds of years to be constructed，可用which引导的非限制性定语从句来修饰主语canal；as...as...和……一样……，为固定短语，although引导让步状语从句，如今虽无昔日繁荣之景Although this canal is no longer as prosperous as it used to be，句首单词的首字母要大写；但仍然是横跨东西的重要水路it is still an important waterway running from the east to the west，running为现在分词作后置定语修饰waterway。故填：Although this canal，which took hundreds of years to be constructed，is no longer as prosperous as it used to be，it is still an important waterway running from the east to the west.

【难度】1

VI.GuidedWritingDirections：WriteanEnglishcompositionin120-l50wordsaccordingtotheinstructionsgivenbelowinChinese.

26．假使你是明启中学的高三学生李华，你的学校正在组织"走进历史"主题活动，拟从三个活动形式里选择一个：走访老战士、表演历史剧和制作短视频。学校正在向全体师生征求建议。必须包含：

（1）你的选择；

（2）你的理由。

【答案】Dear Mr.A，

I am Li Hua，a student of Senior Three.Knowing our school is soliciting advice about the activity with the theme of revisiting the history ，I am writing to recommend "history play" as the main activity instead of visiting old soldiers or making short videos.

First of all，it is a better way to know about the historical events vividly by maximum students engagement rather than printed text and photos.Through the involvement students could efficiently remember historical facts instead of merely reciting them from books or PPTs.Secondly，by appreciating the heroic plots in the stage，students would comprehend the hard﹣won achievements of revolution deeply.In addition，students can further recognize the background，analyze the cause and evaluate the effect after the whole process of historical rehearsal.Most important of all，the excellent stories of national heroes and heroines will be imprinted in students' mind and stimulate their national pride and confidence，and even promote their devotion to a better future of our country.

I do hope that my suggestions will be taken into consideration.

Yours truly，

Li Hua

【考点】提纲作文；课外活动．

【分析】高分句型一

Knowing our school is soliciting advice about the activity with the theme of revisiting the history ，I am writing to recommend "history play" as the main activity instead of visiting old soldiers or making short videos.

翻译：我知道我们学校正在就这次以走进历史为主题的活动征求意见，所以我写信推荐"表演历史剧"作为主要活动，而不是去看望老兵或制作短视频。

分析：句子里，现在分词Knowing our school is soliciting advice about the activity with the theme of revisiting the history作原因状语。

高分句型二

I do hope that my suggestions will be taken into consideration.

翻译：我确实希望我的建议能得到考虑。

分析：句子里，助动词do强调谓语动词hope；that引导宾语从句my suggestions will be taken into consideration。

【解答】Dear Mr.A，

I am Li Hua，a student of Senior Three.Knowing our school is soliciting advice about the activity with the theme of revisiting the history ，I am writing to recommend "history play" as the main activity instead of visiting old soldiers or making short videos.【高分句型一】（自己的选择）

First of all，it is a better way to know about the historical events vividly by maximum students engagement rather than printed text and photos.Through the involvement students could efficiently remember historical facts instead of merely reciting them from books or PPTs.Secondly，by appreciating the heroic plots in the stage，students would comprehend the hard﹣won achievements of revolution deeply.In addition，students can further recognize the background，analyze the cause and evaluate the effect after the whole process of historical rehearsal.Most important of all，the excellent stories of national heroes and heroines will be imprinted in students' mind and stimulate their national pride and confidence，and even promote their devotion to a better future of our country.（理由）

I do hope that my suggestions will be taken into consideration.【高分句型二】（表达希望）

Yours truly，

Li Hua

【难度】5